تويت
Civilization of ancient Rome
Ancient Rome was a civilization emerged from a small farming
community in the Italian peninsula at the beginning of the tenth century BC. Appeared along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea and has become one of the largest empires of the ancient world [1].
ROMANIAN turned civilization through its history of monarchy to oligarchy to the Republican empire increasingly authoritarian.Rome took control of the south-west Europe and Southeast Europe, the Balkans and the Mediterranean basin by the invasion and annexation.
ROMANIAN Empire suffered instability and internal attacks of migratory peoples, and so today as the western part of the empire, including Italy and Hspaina and Gaul, Britain, Africa and the kingdoms formed an independent place in the fifth century AD.
The Romanian Eastern Empire with its capital in Constantinople satisfaction to Greece and Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and survived the crisis. Despite the loss of Syria and Egypt before the armies of the Arab Islamic Empire of the Byzantine Empire continued for another millennium, until the fall of Constantinople, however, the Ottoman Empire of Turkey.
Often classified within the civilization ROMANIAN "classical antiquity" with ancient Greece, which inspired much of the culture of ancient Rome. Ancient Rome contributed greatly to the development of government and law, war, art, literature, architecture, technology, religion and language in the Western world and its history is still a significant impact on the world today.
Establishment of the Kingdom ROMANIAN
According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus, who was raised by a she - wolf.
According to one legend, Rome was founded on April 21 / April 753 BC by the twin brothers descended from the Trojan Prince Aeneas. [2] Romulus and Ramos are the descendants of the Latin King, Numitor of Alba Longa. The expulsion of the king from his throne by his brother, while harsh Amulius Numitor daughter, Rhea Silvia, gave birth. [3] [4] and Rhea Silvia was the Immaculate Virgin who was raped in March, making the twins half divine. And feared the new king that the Romulus and Remus, the restoration of the throne, and therefore had to be drowned. [4] and rescued lupus (or wife of a shepherd in some reports), and raised them, and when matured enough, regained the throne of Alba Longa to Numitor. [5] [ 6], then the foundations of the twin city, but Ramos was killed Romulus in a brawl that one of them ruled as King of Rome, though some sources said that the dispute was about the launch of their names on the city. [7] and then became the Romulus source of the name of the city. [8] and where that the city was bereft of women, legend says that the Latins invited the Sabines to a festival and took every girl is married, leading to the integration of the Latins and the Sabines [9].
The record of the Greek myth of Dionysus says that Prince led a group of people of Troy in a sea voyage. After a long period in a rough sea, settled on the banks of the River Tiber. It was not long after that they settled, even the men wanted to sail again, but women who were traveling with them did not want to leave. And suggested that one woman, called Rome, that women burn ships at sea to prevent them from leaving the country. Initially, men from the wrath of Rome, but soon realized that they are in an ideal location for stability. They named the colony on the name of the woman who burned their ships [10].
Grew the city of Rome from settlements around a ford of the river Tiber, even a crossroads of traffic and trade. [5] According to the evidence of archaeological, founded the village of Rome at some time in the eighth century BC, although they may return to the tenth century BC, at the hands of Latin members of the tribe of Italy, on a hilltop Albulatiny. [11] [12] have dominated the Etruscans, who have already settled to the north in Etruria, politically on the region by the late seventh century BC, the composition of the elite aristocracy and the monarchy. But the Etruscans apparently lost power in the region by the late sixth century BC, and at this point, returned the original tribes of Latin and Sabine tribes establish their own government through the creation of the Republic, with a much greater restrictions on the ability of rulers to exercise power [13].
Romanian traditions indicate, as well as archaeological evidence, to the complex within the Roman Forum, the seat of
power of the king and the beginnings of religious centers there as well. The sleep Boumbelas is the second king of Rome, succeeding Romulus. Rome and started projects to build a large palace Alrgia Royal (Royal) and a complex pure virgins.
Republic
According to tradition, and later writers such as Levy, established the Republic of Romania about 509 BC, where the isolation of the last king of Rome, the seven Tarequen proud, was the establishment of a system based on the election of judges each year and various representatives of the association. [14] and the development of the Constitution a series of checks and balances, and separation of powers . The most important judges are Alguenslan, hunters who practiced together the executive power in the form of authority, or military command. [15] has been must work consuls with the Senate, which was initially an advisory council of leading nobles or patricians, but increased in size and strength with over time. [16] The other judicial bodies in the Republic include Albritor (Judge), injury, and Alkstor Officer (financial management). [17] The judicial offices originally restricted to patricians, but later expanded to include persons known, or the public.] 17] and included associations vote the Republic comitia centuriata {/ 1 (Leadership Council), which shall be voted on issues of war and peace, and the election of men to the most important positions, and {1} comitia tributa (tribal assembly), to elect the positions at least as important. [18]
Took control of the Romans gradually to other peoples of the Italian peninsula, including Etruscans. [19] The last threat to the hegemony of the Romans in Italy, when recruited Taranto, a colony of great Greek, Pyrrhus of Epirus in 281 BC, but these efforts also failed. [20] [21 ] The security of the Romans established their military campaigns ROMANIAN colonies in strategic areas, and to impose control on the stable region. [22], in the second half of the third century BC, Rome clashed with Carthage in the first of the three Punic wars. The result of this war for the first invasions of Rome by the Sea, Sicily and Spain, and sent Rome as an empire important. [23] [24] After the defeat of the Empire Macedonian Empire Alsellkih in the second century BC, the Roman people, the dominant Mediterranean. [25] [ 26]
Foreign domination led to internal conflict. And became members of the Senate rich at the expense of the provinces, but the soldiers who were mostly small farmers, were away from home for a longer period and are unable to keep their lands, and resulted in increased reliance on slaves in foreign and the growth of lone large to the lack of paid work available. [27] [28] and created a revenue of war booty, and trade in the new provinces, and agricultural taxes, new economic opportunities for the wealthy, to form a new class of merchants, and knights. [29] may prevent the law of Claudia senators from engaging in trade, at a time can be theoretically join the Knights to the Senate, and was severely restricted in terms of political power. [29] [30] Senate fight all the time, repeatedly blocking important land reforms and the refusal to grant class equestrian word (authority) is the largest in the government. The violent gangs of unemployed in urban areas, controlled by the rival in the Senate, to intimidate voters through violence. The situation came to a peak in the late second century BC by the Gracie brothers, two pair of defenders of the people who tried to pass land reform legislation that would redistribute land to the main layer of aristocracy among the general public. And two brothers were killed, but the Senate approved some of their reforms, in an attempt to calm the growing unrest of the layers of the common people and knights. This has led to deny the Romanian citizenship of Italian cities allied to a war of social 91-88 BC. [31] also led military reforms carried out by Gaius Marius in many cases soldiers to increase their loyalty to their leader more than their loyalty to the city, where can the commander ( general) have a strong city and the redemption of the Senate. [32] This led to the outbreak of civil war between Marius and Sulla protector, culminating in the dictatorship of Sulla 81-79 BC [33].
In the middle of the first century BC, the form of three men, Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Krasas secret agreement - the first tripartite government - to control the Republic. After the invasion of France at the hands of Caesar, a showdown between Caesar and the Senate to the civil war, with the leadership of Pompey's forces to the Senate. Then defeated Caesar, and became dictator for life. [34] In 44 BC, was the assassination of Caesar from the senators who are opposed to Caesar's absolute power and wanted to restore constitutional rule, but in the wake of the government took three second, consisting of Caesar's heir-designate , Octavian and his former supporters, and Mark Antony and Lepidus, power. [35] [36] But this alliance soon slip into a struggle for control. Lepidus was denied, and when Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra of Egypt at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, became the ruler of Rome's largest
Empire
With the defeat of his enemies, made Octavian the name of August, and took almost absolute power, leaving only the appearance of a republican form of government. [38] and his designated successor, Tiberius, took power without serious opposition, and began a family Julio - Claudian, which lasted until the death of Nero in 68. [39] and continued regional expansion of what is now Empire Romanian, and the state remained secure, [40] Despite a series of emperors who looks at all of them on a large scale as a depraved and corrupt (for example, has been a debate that Caligula was crazy and famous Nero cruelty and interest in its affairs for more than affairs of state [41] followed their rule family Flavian. [42] In the era of "Emperors of the five good" (96-180), and reached the imperial peak of regional, economic and cultural rights. [43] and the state is safe from threats internal and external, and the Empire prospered during the Pax Romana ("Pax Romana"). [44] [45] and with the invasion of Dacia during the reign of Trajan, and reached the imperial peak of its territorial expansion; and extended the control of Rome, now 2.5 million square miles (6.5 million square kilometers).] 46] and led Antonian disaster that swept the Empire 165-180 AD to the death of an estimated five million people. [47]
ROMANIAN Empire in the maximum extent under Trajan in 117 AD.
The period between 193 and 235 was dominated by the family of Severan, and saw many of the rulers of incompetents, such as Gablas [48], and this led in addition to the growing influence of the army on imperial succession to the long period of the collapse of the empire and foreign invasions, known as the crisis of the third century.] 49] [50], and then ended the crisis by driving more efficient Deusletiaan, which divided the empire in 293 to half the east and west is governed by the Government of four of the two emperors of participants with two junior colleagues. [51] and compete with the various participants of the rulers of the Empire and fought for the rule for more than half a century.Assessed on May 11, 330, the Magic Planet Emperor Constantine I of Byzantium as the capital of the empire Romanian and re-renamed Constantinople. [52] has been the permanent division of the empire to the Empire ROMANIAN Eastern (later known as the Byzantine Empire) and the Empire, the Romanian Bank in 395. [53]
Have been the imperial West constantly harassed by the invasions of the barbarians, and the continued collapse of the western empire gradually over the centuries. [54] In the fourth century, caused the migration to the west of the Huns in the search Visigoths refuge within the borders of the empire of Romania. [55], and in 410, isolate the Visigoths, led by Alaric I, the city of Rome itself. [56] also conquered Vandals provinces ROMANIAN in France, Spain, North Africa, and assessed 455 overran Rome. [57] In September 4476, forced the German President Auduasir Roman Emperor the last West, Romulus August, to abdicate. [58] and continued after about 1200 years old, arrived in the rule of Rome in the west to the end. [59]
Empire East has suffered the same fate, but not as harsh.Where he succeeded Justinian in the restoration of North Africa and Italy for a short period, but the property is the Byzantine Empire in the West, turned to Southern Italy and Sicily within a few years after the death of Justinian. [60] In the east, resulting in partial destruction resulting from the disaster of Justinian, to threaten the Byzantines from the advent of Islam, where invaded his territory quickly in Syria and Egypt and soon became a direct threat to Constantinople. [61] [62] However, the work of the Byzantines to stop the expansion of Islam in their lands during the eighth century, but in the beginning of the nineteenth century dominion response parts of the territories conquered. [61 [63] and in 1000 was the Eastern Empire at its peak: Basilias second re-opening of Bulgaria and Armenia, and culture flourished, and trade. [64] However, shortly after the expansion stops suddenly in 1071 at the Battle of Manzikert. This eventually led to the tragic collapse of the empire. Assessed ultimately led several centuries of internal conflict and the Turkish invasions to pave the way for the Emperor Aleksas first Cominas to send a request for assistance from the West in 1095. [61] and responded to the West with the Crusades, which ultimately led to the looting of Constantinople by participants in the Fourth Crusade. Shows the conquest of Constantinople in 1204 Retail little the rest of the Empire to the countries of the caliphs, and the final victory of the mandate of Nicaea [65] After the capture of Constantinople by the forces of the empire, the empire was a little less of the Greek state confined to the Aegean coast.Eastern Empire and ended when Mehmed II invaded Constantinople in May 29, 1453
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