Saw the Egyptian history, after the era of the ancient Egyptians, the most violent period, and sang of conspiracies and intrigues, and all those qualities come together and grown under the civilizing influence of the Islamic religion and the growing influence of foreign powers, as this amounted to influence peaked in the years eighty, which saw the birth of the rule of the status quo imposed by the British to Egypt had gained de facto independence and the final in 1956.
Egypt witnessed the arrival of pioneers in the Muslim conquerors in 639 AD, and by Islam in 641 hit its roots firmly in Egyptian society. Send the Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab an army of conquest of Egypt, led by Amr ibn al-Aas from the Levant, providing Muslims that have reached the "Babylon", and it was impregnable forts, Vhazarethm Muslims until their victory, as they succeeded in overthrowing Alexandria on November 8, 641, butByzantine forces managed to restore them in 645 AD, but prevail in the end it was the Muslims, where he Amr ibn al-Aas to recover from the Byzantines in 646. However, the Byzantines did not despair, he sent a fleet emperor Constans II in 654, but he turned down disappointed, and since then stopped by the Byzantines from the region, which has not seen any serious attempts by the Byzantines to regain their influence.
Given the notorious distinguished by its tolerance for the Byzantines, the Arabs have been conquerors good reception and support against the Byzantine forces of the Egyptian population themselves. The Christian population has been relieved, to meet them tribute money and food to the Muslim forces, to perform military service, and were given full freedom to practice their religion as they wish.
The RPR system of the Muslim rule of the country that have been under the control of the organization and accuracy, and continued so to the end of the Umayyad dynasty secret. At first it was to convert Coptic Christians to Islam rarely seen cent in the first of the Muslim rule imposed an ancient system of taxes, and divided the country into administrative regions, and thrown upon the ruler of Egypt responsible for tax collection, but the local leaders, who are usually of the Copts, who are responsible on the implementation of laws




Alkhlavtin have witnessed the outbreak of the Umayyad and Abbasid many revolutions by the resentment of the people of the constant increase of taxes. Perhaps the internal conflicts, revolutions and invasions is the core feature of the period along the eighth and ninth and tenth. Alvatmiyon launched their campaign on the country in 914 to be managed in the end led the essence of Sicilian defeat the Egyptians in the year 969 of the country to witness the demise of the Caliphate Arab East and the emergence of the Western Caliphate.
Modern Cairo has evolved and grown out of a "Mansourieh," Fatimid settlement, which called 972 after the name "Cairo" by the caliph of the Fatimid religion of God.
Witnessed the reign of the Fatimid caliphs greater tolerance toward Sunni Muslims, and even in dealing Masohm to belong to Shia Fatimids themselves. As Christians enjoy freedom of belief, despite the prevailing belief at the time the existence of contacts and cooperation between the Egyptian Christians and the Byzantine emperor.
Al-Hakim received the succession from his father, Aziz, a boy eleven years old, and a Christian mother. Period was characterized by his relations and active connections with others, and succeeded in concluding peace with the Byzantine emperor.It is al-Hakim destroyed the Church of the Resurrection in Jerusalem in 1009, which contributed to raise the Crusades. The demolition of the church is only part of the scheme of the ruling order of God to compel all Christians and Jews, by force if necessary, to convert to Islam. To achieve this goal earlier ruling by order of God, in a less severe, to build a huge library of science students in Cairo, like their counterparts in Baghdad. Al-Hakim was the main player in the early origination of the Druze community, which are attributed to Muhammad Druze, who called the divinity of al-Hakim was the penalty-determination as a result. Mysteriously disappeared and the ruling order of God out of existence in 1021, the Druze believe in his return to life again at the end of times as the Mahdi.
Egypt witnessed then another era of turmoil and violence, and the subordination of the whole region into political influence, continuously variable, starting with the arrival of the Seljuk Turks and through the Crusades and the French invasion, and even the Assassins, and perhaps the most striking feature of the era is the occupation of new land and the collapse and the birth of the kingdoms of new ones. I have labored under the cruel machinations of the region and horror.
And finally rose to prominence the great Muslim leader Saladin in 1174, where he was finally able to isolate the Fatimids and the end of their rule. Saladin became Sultan of Egypt, at a time when Damascus is the capital of the country, and Qaraqosh, Vice Saladin, is the ruler of Egypt most of the time. And the continued rule of the Ayyubid Egypt to the middle of the thirteenth century, where their rule ended by the Mamluks.
Mamluks were originally soldiers, slaves, converted to Islam and served under the command of the caliphs and the Ottoman emperors. After Athbathm their skills as soldiers, is no longer practical Mamluk slaves in spite of their commitment to serving the Emperor or the Caliph. Mamluk playing a major political role in the region, enabling them to eventually subdue Egypt, Syria, Iraq and parts of India to leverage their power.
That period was characterized by a series of sultans, who were not overlooking their period, and despite the destabilizing political influence, has managed to boost the status of these sultans Egypt, so Cairo has become the center of the Islamic world.




Eventually came the end of the Mamluks by the Ottoman Sultan Selim I, who was subjected to his rule in Cairo in 1517, to move this center of power to Istanbul. But this did not prevent the ruling class remains the Mamluks in Egypt, despite being vassals of the Ottoman emperor. That lasted in varying degrees of severity of influence until the year 1798 when the French invaded the country under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Continued French rule in Egypt until in 1801 only, was not accompanied Napoleon in his campaign against Egypt, the invaders, but came architects and scientists to Egypt to review and document all the wonders of the ancient Egyptian civilization, and perhaps the Rosetta Stone, which ended up in the British Museum, the most important discoveries that campaign. We break this stone talismans hieroglyphic language, turning the Egyptian archeology to the attention of a real lively. In any case, did not last the French conquest of Egypt a long time, after causing the English leader Nelson defeated the French fleet in the Battle of the Nile, and regained the Ottoman rule of Egypt after that. Unfortunately, the Turks did not achieve any significant success, despite what they spent their money and effort and resources to defeat or at least contain the Mamluks.
It was a takeover of Muhammad Ali Pasha, the reins of power as a result of exhausting civil war between the three long-term forces are the Mamluks, Ottoman Turks and the Egyptians and the mercenaries dairy. And this war lasted nearly four years from 1803 to 1807, during which he managed the Albanian Muhammad Ali published his control over Egypt in 1805, where the Ottoman sultan was forced eventually to admit. Muhammad Ali and became master of Egypt after that which does not rise above his word, and focused his efforts since then to maintain the operational independence from the Ottoman Empire.Muhammad Ali died in 1849, leaving to Egypt many of the achievements and great works, and perhaps the greatest weakening of the Ottoman domination of the country, and the launching of the Egyptian cotton industry and the occupation of Sudan.
However, Ismail Pasha, the grandson of Muhammad Ali, has pushed the country to the brink of bankruptcy, given the amounts of the huge spent on completion of the Suez Canal, which opened in 1869, where it took to accomplish this great work 11 years ridiculed during which 1.5 million workers, spent, including about 125 thousand died by the famine and the spread of cholera. The stop forced labor by the Khedive under pressure from the British for reasons of anti-French policy, and not for humanitarian considerations. Khedive was forced debt-ridden to the sale of its stake in the channel to the English in 1875, giving them the absolute right of management of the Suez Canal Company at the time. And the Suez Canal, the longest canal in the world without gates, a possibility that a mistake of Napoleon's engineers to realize, when they studied the possibility of establishing the channel before 60 years from the date of start of the project effectively.
Become the financial resources of the Egyptian state is very bad and rampant corruption in the state apart, prompting the England and France to intervene to protect the personal interests in Egypt. The country has experienced periods of joint custody between the two countries for the management of the country where she returns to England in the country while on supervised France spent. Eventually forced the Ottoman Khedive Ismail to give up his post in 1879, and resumed work under the joint custody for another two years



Led the resentment of the Egyptian people of the spread of European influence in the country to a popular revolt in 1882 under the leadership of Ahmed Orabi, and its members were ready to sacrifice themselves for the liberation from the yoke of colonialism Tablad foreign. However, the General Wellesley was able to put out the revolution, following his victory at the Battle of the large hill. And subjected the country to the rule of the British led by Lord Cromer, and as long as this provision until 1956, where Egypt gained full independence, although formal independence in 1922.
Anfezt Egyptian government control of the Sudan, with the active assistance of the British army, which led to the emergence of another revolution led by the Mahdi in 1884, and has tried to General Gordon, a truce with the Mahdi, but he was assassinated by soldiers of the Mahdi in 1884.
Sudan remained in a state of anarchy for 11 years after the assassination of Gordon. But should the person who ruled Egypt was important to control the sources of the Nile as well, so was Lord Kitchener's campaign against Sudan, culminating in the Battle of Omdurman, near Khartoum, and thus eventually become Egypt and Sudan, part of the Anglo-Egyptian rule.
Witnessed the reign of Lord Cromer large irrigation projects in Egypt in order to harness the waters of the Nile are more productive in agriculture, and this resulted in projects to build the Aswan Dam and Qanater the Nile Delta.
Britain announced the custody of Egypt at the beginning of the First World War in 1914, declaring that the war on the Ottoman Empire and ending the Turkish rule over Egypt. However, Britain declared Egypt's independence in 1922 in light of the growing popular unrest, although the survival of British troops after 34 years, however, that Egypt gained full independence in 1956 after the "Suez Canal crisis."
Egypt has played a pivotal role during World War II (1939-1945), where the country has witnessed the invasion of the Italian forces defeated by the British, making Egypt a neutral country. During World War II national cooperation with the Germans in Egypt in an attempt to expel the British from the country, building on the promise made by the Germans in this regard. However, the conspirators were arrested and not put in prison after Britain's victory in the battle of El Alamein. But the star of their leader, Anwar Sadat, he returned to shine later.
British troops withdrew from the Suez Canal Zone in 1947 and re-nationalist animosity famous for the Britons their activity after the war, and managed a group of officers dissatisfied, and who called them the name "Free Officers", in the overthrow of King Farouk of 22 to 23 July 1952 under the leadership of Bekbashy Gamal Abdel Nasser. as a result of the drubbing of Egypt in the 1948 war by throwing the blame on King Farouk. Riots broke out in August 12, 1952 in Kafr el-Dawar, led by the workers there driven by hopes of the July Revolution, the result was issued two death sentences. After a period of civilian rule, the Free Officers to cancel the Constitution and the Declaration of the Republic of Egypt on June 18, 1953, and has become a mass leader Abdul Nasser not only in Egypt but in the Arab world, and founder and applied the so-called "Arab socialism."
However, that Nasser was in need of financial resources to finance the Aswan Dam project, and offered him the United States and the World Bank financing of the project, but the offer withdrawn in mid-1956, everyone on that Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal clouds. And brought to Egypt nationalized the canal in 1956, military aggression planned by Britain, France and Israel, in order to protect its interests in the Canal Zone. But did not write this to the tripartite aggression success thanks to the intervention of the United States and the Soviet Union.
In 1967, Israel began massing troops on the Syrian border, and Nasser issued his orders to move the part of the Egyptian armed forces to Syria, according to the Mutual Defense Treaty signed with the Syrians. Israel launched its attack on Egypt in the June 6, 1967, where Egyptian forces inflicted defeat evil, taking advantage of the surprise factor so that the Egyptian air force suffered total disability since the beginning of the attack on Egypt. The Egyptian armored corps has come under the mercy of Israeli forces in the absence of air cover in support of the armored corps, and thus the Egyptian infantrymen booty accessible in the desert of Sinai. I changed the Six-Day War with Israel's political map of Egypt, and led to the displacement of mass movements throughout the Arab world.
Deteriorated state of health of President Abdel Nasser after that and suffered a heart attack claimed his life in the September 28, 1970, succeeded by his colleague Anwar Sadat, who was known hostility to the British in the plot against them in World War II.
Sadat was a man's position, which stunned the world under his leadership the exceptional and unusual for the country in time of war and peace, where to draw the attention of the world on October 6, 1973 when he launched the war, "Yom Kippur" on the Israelis, which provided an opportunity for the Arabs to think again refuted myth of the Israeli army, which invincible. And Israel to become almost a bitter defeat for the intervention of the United States of America. But of course the Arabs regained the world's respect for them in the battlefields, theaters politics alike, and paved the way for Egypt to regain the Sinai Peninsula through diplomatic negotiations which led eventually to the conclusion of the Camp David and the disengagement agreement in Sinai.
The opponents of the Camp David assassinated Sadat during a military parade was held in Cairo, Hosni Mubarak succeeded by his deputy, who remained in the presidency of the Republic of Egypt to this day.
Egypt is still at the beginning of the twenty-first century under the leadership of President Mubarak with the fear of imposing a kind of monarchy through a policy of fait accompli with the rise of his son, Gamal. Despite the problems of corruption and the emergence of Islamic movements, including the Muslim Brotherhood, in addition to the terrorist campaigns and the economic difficulties the country has seen, Egypt continues to enjoy relative prosperity and influence in the area.
It is great to visit one of the country was the center of the world for more than five thousand years