إعـــــــلان

تقليص
لا يوجد إعلان حتى الآن.

History of India {1}

تقليص
X
 
  • تصفية - فلترة
  • الوقت
  • عرض
إلغاء تحديد الكل
مشاركات جديدة

  • History of India {1}

    Shiva temple of Somnath in Gujarat state.
    India, history. India has one of the oldest and richest civilizations in the world, dating back more than five thousand years. Appeared a number of empires that dominated the then expired, and was most recently the British Empire, which ended in 1947 after the founding of the independent India. It appeared a great nation through a history of wars and conquests, and intellectual achievements andnumerous peoples beliefs.


    Ancient History
    Archaeologists have discovered in the Indian subcontinent sitesdating back to the Bronze Age. Adopted and the people in theeconomy during the period before the date on the cultivation ofcrops and breeding herds of domesticated sheep and goats and cows.
    And date back to ancient Indian civilization around the year 3500 BC. M. Indicate villages and ancient cities on a system of government and economic.Most of the people of Daru Mohnju Kano artists skilled in carvingstones and mud. This seal is made of steatite with a picture of a bull humpback.
    The people of the Indus Valley. This is still a lot about people and life of the seals with the unknown, especially the clay ones, showedthat he knew and practiced writing, and knew the account andmeasurement.
    Months, two cities in the Indus Valley Civilization are Mohnju Daroin Sindh and Punjab in Hraba, archaeologists also found remnants of many other small villages of Gujarat region extending fromsouthern India to the Himalayas in the north.

    Trade and crafts. Commerce provided the residents of the Indus Valley and the necessary food and basic raw materials such as wood, cotton, dyes, metals and glass. Scientists believe that the strong similarities between the civilizations of Indus andMesopotamia in Iraq is likely that maritime trade relations between them.Hraba in the ruins of which was a center of civilization of the Indus Valley. That civilization began to flourish around the year 2500 BC.M. In what is now Pakistan and western India.
    The advent of Aryans. Seems to be Hraba civilization had reachedits zenith around 2500 BC. M. While the cause of the collapse in the eighteenth century BC is unknown. The advent of Aryans in the Indian sub-continent was part of the great migration from Central Asia andPersia (Iran), may be the migration that led to the wars that resulted in pillaging and burning cities Hraba.
    Speaking peoples who arrived in India for many languages​​, including Sanskrit, the ancient Iranian, and Greek, and Latin.Veda. Made known Vedic religious texts, a lot of information about the history of the Aryans in India .. The Vedas are four sections:Alriszewida and Acommavida and Aliorvida and Alotarvavida. It is believed that the emergence of Alriszewida, the oldest, was in the sixth century BC.
    The Vedas are the cornerstones of each of the Hindu philosophy and religion. Which was transmitted orally through the generations beforethe priests and scholars write it down.

    Tower includes a Buddha shrines.
    The social system of the Aryans. Vedic society was the first consists of three layers, just as was the case in the Aryan society, a layer ofthe priests (Brahmins) and combat (Alexatrella) and public (Fascia).These are the foundations of the current class of India.Veda dates indicated and also late to the people of black origin isknown Baldasa Indians. Has fought many wars against the Aryans. It seems that the layer was the menial Alsodra Alsodra bonded.
    I have taken championships Aryans and their wars in MhamtinQssatin are Ramayana and Mahabharata.
    And established the first monastery of the Buddha (Vehara) inSarnat. The best place for the Brahmin priests, who were protectors of the culture of Sanskrit, Sanskrit has been the development of thisthreat because of the emergence of new religions of Buddhism and Jainism.

    InvasionsKey dates in India

    3500 BC. M beginning of the recovery of the Indus Valley civilization.
    1500 BC. M Aryan invasion of India.
    500 BC. M -800 m the spread of Buddhism.
    326 BC. M and the arrival of Alexander the Great to India.
    320-500 m unification of North India by family Jbta.
    712 CE the beginning of spreading the Islamic call in the province ofSindh.
    1498, the arrival of the Portuguese Vasco da Gama to India.
    1526 AD to establish the Mughal Empire at the hands of Babur.
    1757 East India Company control of Bengal following the victory ofRobert Clive at the Battle of Plassey. and empires until the sixth century A1774 Warren Hastings appointed first British governor of India.
    1858, British control of the Government of India instead of the East India Company.
    1885, the establishment of Indian National Congress Party.
    1906, the establishment of Muslim League.
    1920, Gandhi's presidency of the Conference of India.
    1935, the British version of the new Indian constitution.
    1940, Muslim League demand for a separate state of India isPakistan.
    1947 August 15 India's independence. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India.
    1948, assassination of Gandhi.
    1950, India becomes a republic.
    1965, India-Pakistan War II.
    1966, Indira Gandhi is president of the ministry.
    1977, the defeat of Indira Gandhi and the Congress party in the general election.
    1980, restoration of prime minister Indira Gandhi.
    1984, the assassination of Indira Gandhi, and the succession of her son Rajiv Gandhi in the prime minister.
    1990, the coalition government.
    , 1991 assassination of Rajiv Gandhi during the election. The Congress Party won the election. Narasimha Rao took over as prime minister.
    1996, the Congress Party lost the elections, although he has ruled India since it gained independence in 1947. India has entered a stage of formation of coalition governments.
    2001, on the anniversary of National Day, an earthquake hit India, and particularly affected the state of Gujarat in western India, killing some 30 thousand people.


    Ghazoan Persian and Greek. The wealth and beautiful cities and villages of interest rich foreign invaders. Has invaded the Persian emperor Cyrus the famous India in 530 BC. M. And became the province of the twenty provinces of the Achaemenid Empire of Cyrus.
    And conquered by the commander of Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia in 326 BC. M. I take Jbta Chandra Maurya period of political instability that has plagued Iraq after the invasion of Alexander, expansionist project began as a king of the Kingdom of Nanda small in 321 BCE. M.

    Maurya Empire lasted from 320-185 BC. M. United almost all of India for the first time. In Batallaputra. Was the capital of the empire
    Almaurian appearance in India. Was the Greeks to attack from the Chandra having gained control of the Kingdom of Magada in the valley of the Ganges and subject to its sovereignty parts of Sindh and was succeeded in office in 297 BC. M son Bindu Sara bringing Almaurian, during the quarter of a century, ruled much of Indian territory1971, Asoka. The empire reached to the maximum Maori political force with a rise in power of Emperor Asoka. And after in 272 BC. M approx. And spread throughout India, stone inscriptions, which was a rich source of information.
    Asoka converted to Buddhism after his successful campaign against Orissa in 261 BC. M in the south-east of India, which killed hundreds of thousands and gave up after the war and condemned, the rest of the country of India accordingly. And describes the king decrees stone gods loved, who has worked hard to spread Buddhism and the rule of justice.

    Invasions of Central Asia. Maori took the empire after the reign of Asoka to decline slowly. And established Demetrios, grandson of one of the leaders of Alexander, Kingdom of the Punjab, the most famous rulers of King Menander.
    The rule of Menander in the period from 155-150 BC. M, while the people overthrew the invasions Alsaka Alsathein or from Central Asia Greek ruler in northern India.

    Alkohan. India was subjected to a new conquest of Central Asia in the first century AD Alkohan tribe. Established a powerful empire under the leadership of Kanishka, which extended from Turkistan to Varanasi (Varanasi) in eastern India. And the cultural achievements of the expansion of the empire. Influenced by the rulers Alkohan in the fields of art, religion, Greeks, Persians, and Indian traditions.ESCWA money and gold on the Persian and Greek methods.Rose Buddhist religious architecture to a large degree of creative engineering.

    Sanskrit is the classical language of Hindu religion and culture. Has started to develop since the sixth century BC and the oldest known Sanskrit manuscripts.the independence of Bangladesh.D

    Cultural and scientific achievements. Distinguished history of the Indian subcontinent after the Kushan Empire (fourth century AD) the emergence of a number of families that ruled the regions fragmented. Represent this period, the great cultural success of Sanskrit studies and scientific discoveries.
    Indian athletes use the number (0) to zero, they had a conception of negative numbers. And flourished in art, literature, philosophy, and made many beautiful models on the genius of ancient India.


    Trade with the West. Not confined to European influence in India, what has resulted from waves of invaders from the Greeks, Persians and Central Asia only, but it was through trade, land and sea between the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East and the Empire of Romania. It was trade and the value of exports to the West great.
    Described the maritime trade in the book of evidence is known sea Arthurian context (red) to the dealer from the city of Alexandria, Egypt, in which he stated all the sea ports in the Red Sea and west of India and the major trading materials.

    Jbta Empire extended its influence across the north of India from 320-500 AD. In this period, India became an important center for the arts, education and medicine.
    Jbta empire. The emergence of family Jbta at the beginning of the fourth century AD to the golden age extended up to the sixth century AD. The governor of each of them sought to increase his empire.India were not a united country, one language. Have resulted in ethnic differences between the ruling families to do the different kingdoms.
    Become a family Jbta on the degree of progress during the reign of Chandra Jbta I (320-335 AD), who minted coins in his reign. His son, Samudra Jbta (335-375 AD) and one of the best emperors, conquerors in ancient India. And expanded the empire Jbta from northern India to the far south. Remember, one of the manuscripts that were placed in his reign that he may conquer at least thirteen prince from the south. Continued conquests in the era of Chandra Jbta II (375-415 AD), and fatigue began to alternate in the empire apart since the end of the rule of Kumara Jbta.


    Of the sixth century AD until the Mughal Empire
    Huns and the Rajputs. India faced in the period between 470-520 AD a new threat at the hands of the Huns, who created a kingdom significant in Europe and especially in Hungary. Then turned towards India, in the Skanda Jbta era (454-467 AD), the last kings of Aljbta. And were able to eliminate the remnants of Aljbta in northern India and Kashmir at the hands of the ruling Mihira Hun-Cola in 520 AD.
    This was followed by another group of Huns nomadic tribes of Central Asia. And that people lived on the breeding of cattle and horses and camels, and refused to stability in the villages and agricultural land, just like the bulk of the population of India.
    Scientists believe that various tribes and clans of Rajputs back to the roots Huns.

    Log in Islam. Islam spread of the Islamic conquests in the flowing initially from the Arabian peninsula heading towards the Mediterranean Sea and the Iranian highlands. And sent the Muslims in 94 AH, 712 CE ground military campaign in Sindh. This campaign succeeded and that was at the time of the Umayyad caliphs in Damascus in the establishment of Islamic kingdom in that part of India. The bond area is experiencing significant commercial goods coming from India through the port of DePaul at the mouth of the Indus River to the Islamic cities in each of the Persian Gulf and Red Sea.
    Has set up many of the Muslim traders trade relations with the ports of Gujarat and the Malabar coast and settled in those cities. It may be that their families had established outposts in India. And allowed the rulers of India for the Muslims to build mosques and practice their own religious rites. The Indian bigeye praise for their accomplishments in scientific writing, language, and their achievements in the field of mathematics.
    The first Islamic serious campaigns on the Indian subcontinent in the nineteenth century and the century atheist centuries. Have started since the succession Tbachireha Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan sent Muhallab ibn Abi yellowish to open the country's bond.Followed by Muhammad bin Qasim Thaqafi and other leaders.
    And had control of the Rajput princes of India, then the powerful who had a huge military force well-known, and the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad, then fear to enter into conflict with them.



    By the atheist century AD and when to build a temple in Brehadsafara Targeor the Hindu India has spread in South-East Asia.
    Conquerors Turks. Aspiration of the rulers in the territory of the Turks north of the River Amu Darya (Oxus) to the new land to open it. They were at the same time under the military pressure of the Mongol tribes in the north-east of Central Asia.
    Mahmud of Ghazni fought between 390-422 e 0.1000 m and 1030 a series of invasions against India. He was a skillful leader. Sultan Mahmoud was unable to maintain their achievements. That was left after his death in 422 AH 0.1030 m only one kingdom in the Punjab, while the rest of the sections of India remained independent of Islamic rule.

    Sultanate of Delhi. Muslims conquered in 588 AH, 1192 Punjab led by Mahmud of Ghazni, and were able to defeat the leader Alrajpota Prithvi Raj Chauhan, in the battle of Panipat. In less than ten years of its leaders seized on the most north Indian even Bengal.Ghaznavi and chose one of its leaders, a Ghotbeddin APIC to act for him in the governance of Delhi, and created a pole of religion between 597-607 e .1200-1210 m dynasty and empire known as the Sultanate of Delhi. He was a devout Muslim like his predecessor Mahmud of Ghazni, and built a great mosque in Delhi and immortalized his victories on a column rising 78 meters.
    And invaded the Sultan and the Muslim Knight Aladdin Khalja Indian kingdoms in the Deccan and Gujarat and even arrived in Madura in the southern edge of the subcontinent.
    And in 656 AH, 1258, dropped the Mongols sacked Baghdad and killed the last Abbasid caliph, and opened large parts of the Middle East after that. Then they started to go to India. And became the dangers threatening the Mughal Muslim rulers in Delhi. Has provided the money that came from the southern campaigns and the tax system the possibility of preparing a large army to deal with the Mongols and the region for its unique richness of Gujarat after it came under Muslim rule. And thus enable the Muslims to address a number of Mongol campaigns.










يعمل...
X